ANNE-MARIE DE BROUWER

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Anne-Marie de Brouwer (Ph.D., LL.M., LL.M.) is co-founder and team member of IMPACT: Center against Human Trafficking and Sexual Violence in Conflict. She is also co-founder and the Chair of the Mukomeze Foundation, which improves the lives of survivors of genocidal sexual violence during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. In addition, she is co-owner of Bèkske: Rwandan Empowerment Coffee.

In 2013, she was awarded a high Royal distinction – “Ridder” (“Dame”) – in the Orde of Oranje-Nassau for her academic and societal work concerning conflict-related sexual violence.

CONTACTS

Anne-Marie de Brouwer
Anne-Marie de Brouwer

Work and publications

Anne-Marie de Brouwer (Ph.D., LL.M., LL.M.) is co-founder and team member of IMPACT: Center against Human Trafficking and Sexual Violence in Conflict. She is also co-founder and the Chair of the Mukomeze Foundation, which improves the lives of survivors of genocidal sexual violence during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. In addition, she is co-owner of Bèkske: Rwandan Empowerment Coffee.

Anne-Marie de Brouwer conducted doctoral research on conflict-related sexual violence and international criminal law. Her PhD – “Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR (Oxford-Antwerp: Intersentia, 2005)”, which was awarded with the Max van der Stoel Human Rights Award 2006 – is widely used as a reference for understanding the investigation and prosecution of conflict-related sexual violence by researchers and practitioners all over the world. This similarly applies to her co-edited volumes “Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches (Intersentia, 2013)”, “The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence (Douglas & McIntyre, 2009) and “And I Live On: The Resilience of Rwandan Genocide Survivors of Sexual Violence (Wolf Legal Publishers, 2019)”. In 2020, Anne-Marie de Brouwer and her colleague at Impact, Eefje de Volder, set up the Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (with Paris Legal Publishers). In more than two decades of working on the issue of conflict-related sexual violence, with an international and interdisciplinary approach, Anne-Marie de Brouwer has carried out a wide array of research and advise, teaching and awareness, training, advocacy and empowerment projects, including within/for academia, (international) courts, governments, international organisations and NGOs.

In 2013, she was awarded the Viva400-Award, an award for young inspirational women in the Netherlands, for her efforts to improve women’s health. In 2013, she was furthermore awarded a high Royal distinction – “Ridder” (“Dame”) – in the Order of Oranje-Nassau for her academic and societal work concerning conflict-related sexual violence.

From 2008-2016, Anne-Marie de Brouwer was an Associate Professor in criminal and international criminal law at the Department of Criminal Law at Tilburg University and from 2008-2019 she was a research fellow with the International Victimology Institute Tilburg (INTERVICT) at Tilburg University. Earlier (2006-2007) she was an Associate Legal Officer at the NGO Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice in The Hague and a PhD researcher/Assistant Professor in international (criminal) law (2000-2005/2005-2006) at the Department of European and International Public Law at Tilburg University. Anne-Marie de Brouwer studied Dutch Law, International Law and International Human Rights Law at Tilburg University, La Sapienza and the University of Essex.

Books:

1. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu, Eefje de Volder and Samer Muscati, And I Live On: The Resilience of Rwandan Genocide Survivors of Sexual Violence, Tilburg: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2019, 260 pp.

2. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Alette Smeulers (eds.), ELGAR Compagnion to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2016.

3. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renée Römkens and Larissa van den Herik (eds.), Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Transitional Justice Series, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2013, 400 pp.

4. Rianne Letschert, Roelof Haveman, Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Antony Pemberton (eds.), Victimological Approaches to International Crimes: Africa, Supranational Criminal Law Series, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2011, 728 pp.

5. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu and Samer Muscati, De mannen die mij hebben vermoord: Rwandese overlevenden van seksueel geweld, Nijmegen – Oisterwijk: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2011, 205 pp (Dutch translation of “The Men Who Killed Me”).

6. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu and Samer Muscati, The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence, Canada: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009, 175 pp.

7. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2005, xiv + 570 pp.

Contributions to books:

8. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Laetitia Ruiz, Male Sexual Violence and Female Perpetrators of Sexual Violence, in: S. Mouthaan and O. Jurasz, Sexual Violence and International Criminal Justice, Oxford/Antwerp: Intersentia, 2019.

9. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Sexual Abuse and Exploitation by UN Peacekeepers, in: Terry Gill et al. (eds.), Manual on Military Law, 2017.

10. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Usta Kaitesi, Sexual Violence: The Legacy of the ICTR, in: Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Alette Smeulers (eds.), ELGAR Compagnion to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2016.

11. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Cases of Mass Sexual Violence Can be Proven Without Direct Victim Testimony, in: Richard H. Steinberg (ed.), Contemporary Issues Facing the International Criminal Court (Brill, Nijhoff 2016), pp. 282-294.

12. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Mikaela Heikkilä, Victim Issues: Participation, Protection, Reparation and Assistance, in: G. Sluiter, H. Friman, S. Linton and S. Zappalà (eds.), International Criminal Procedure: Principles and Rules, London: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 1299-1374.

13. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renée Römkens and Larissa van den Herik, Interdisciplinary Approaches to Recognizing, Investigating and Prosecuting Sexual Violence as an International Crime, in: Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renée Römkens and Larissa van den Herik (eds.), Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Transitional Justice Series, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2013, pp. 3-13.

14. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renée Römkens and Larissa van den Herik, How to Move Forward? Interdisciplinary Approaches to Recognizing, Investigating and Prosecuting Sexual Violence as an International Crime, in: Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Charlotte Ku, Renée Römkens and Larissa van den Herik (eds.), Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Transitional Justice Series, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2013, pp. 435-452.

15. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Anonymity as a Protective Measure for Victims and Witnesses before the International Criminal Court, in: T. Spapens, T. Kooijmans and M. Groenhuijsen (eds.), Liber Amicorum Prof. Cyrille Fijnaut, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2011, pp. 17-29.

16. Sandra Ka Hon Chu, Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Renée Römkens, Survivors of Sexual Violence in Conflict: Challenges in Prevention and International Criminal Prosecution, in: Rianne Letschert, Roelof Haveman, Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Antony Pemberton (eds.), Victimological Approaches to International Crimes: Africa, Supranational Criminal Law Series, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2011, pp. 529-561.

17. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence, in: Jackie Jones, Anna Grear, Rachel Anne Fenton and Kim Stevenson (eds.), Gender, Sexualities and Law, London: Routledge, 2011, pp. 201-212.

18. Jo-Anne Wemmers and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Globalization and Victims’ Rights at the International Criminal Court, in: Rianne Letschert and Jan van Dijk (eds.), The New Faces of Victimhood, Studies in Global Justice 8, Dordrecht – Heidelberg – London – New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 279-300.

19. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Counsel, in: G. Sluiter & A. Klip (eds.), Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The Special Court for Sierra Leone 2004-2006, Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals XXI, Antwerp – Oxford – Portland: Intersentia, 2010, pp. 457-463.

20. Marc Groenhuijsen and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Participation of Victims, in: A. Klip & G. Sluiter (eds.), Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The International Criminal Court 2005-2007, Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals XXIII, Antwerp – Oxford – Portland: Intersentia, 2010, pp. 273-280.

21. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Vertrouwen van slachtoffers in de internationale strafrechtspleging (“Trust of victims in international criminal justice”), in: R.S.T. Gaarthuis, T. Kooijmans, & Th.A. de Roos (eds.), Vertrouwen in de strafrechtspleging, Nederlandse strafrechtsdagen reeks, Deventer: Kluwer, 2010, pp. 1-17

22. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Gacumbitsi Judgement, in: G. Sluiter & A. Klip (eds.), Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 2005-2006, Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals XXIV, Antwerp – Oxford – Portland: Intersentia, 2009, pp. 583-594.

23. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Marc Groenhuijsen, The Role of Victims in International Criminal Proceedings, in: S. Vasiliev & G. Sluiter (eds.), International Criminal Procedure: Towards a Coherent Body of Law, London: Cameron May, 2009, pp. 149-204.

24. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Witnesses/Cross-Examination, in: A. Klip and G. Sluiter (eds.), Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The International Criminal Tribunal of the former Yugoslavia 2003-2004, Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals XIV, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2008, pp. 538-544.

25. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Admissibility of Evidence, in: A. Klip and G. Sluiter (eds.), Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The International Criminal Tribunal of the former Yugoslavia 2002-2003, Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals XI, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2007, pp. 383-390.

26. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, The Indictment, in: A. Klip and G. Sluiter (eds.), Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals: The International Criminal Tribunal of the former Yugoslavia 2001-2002, Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals VIII, Antwerp – Oxford: Intersentia, 2005, pp. 130-138.

27. Titia Loenen and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, De vrijheid van godsdienst versus gelijke behandeling in internationaal-rechtelijk perspectief. Enkele casestudies (“The freedom of religion versus equal treatment from the perspective of international law: Some case studies”), in: C. Flinterman & W. van Genugten (eds.), Niet-statelijke actoren en de rechten van de mens; gevestigde waarden, nieuwe wegen, Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 2003, pp. 19-33.

28. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, GATT Article XX’s Environmental Exceptions Explored: Is There Room for National Policies? Balancing Rights and Obligations of WTO Members under the WTO Regime, in: A. Vedder (ed.), The WTO and Concerns Regarding Animals and Nature, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2003, pp. 9-59. 

International (refereed) journals

29. Eefje de Volder and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, editorial, Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (JHEC), 1(1), 2020, pp. 1-3.31.

30. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Eefje de Volder and Christophe Paulussen, Prosecuting the Nexus between Terrorism, Human Trafficking and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence before National Courts: Case Studies of Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 18(2), 2020, pp. 499-516.

31. Eefje de Volder and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, editorial, Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (JHEC), 1(2), 2020, pp. 1-4.

32. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Oxford Bibliographies, Oxford University Press, 2019.

33. Rina Ghafoerkhan, Willem Scholte, Eefje de Volder and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Defining CRSV and THB for Sexual Exploitation in Times of Conflict, Journal of Trafficking and Human Exploitation, 3, 2019, pp. 9-33.

34. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, The Importance of Understanding Sexual Violence in Conflict for Investigation and Prosecution Purposes, Cornell Journal of International Law, 48(3), 2015, pp. 639-666.

35. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, The Problem of Witness Interference before International Criminal Tribunals, International Criminal Law Review, 15(4), 2015, pp. 1-33.

36. Mohammad Hadi Zakerhossein and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Diverse Approaches to Total and Partial In Absentia Trials by International Criminal Tribunals, Criminal Law Forum, 26(2), 2015, pp. 181-224.

37. Antony Pemberton, Rianne Letschert, Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Roelof Haveman, Coherence in International Criminal Justice: A Victimological Perspective, International Criminal Law Review, 15(2), 2015, pp. 339-368.

38. Lynn Lawry, Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Alette Smeulers, Juan Carlos Rosa, Michael Kisielewski, Kirsten Johnson, Jennifer Scott, Jerzy Wieczorek, The ICC, the DRC and the Results from a Population Based Survey on Crimes, Perpetrators and Victims, International Criminal Justice Review, 24(1), 2014, pp. 5-21.

39. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Etienne Ruvebana, The Legacy of the Gacaca Courts in Rwanda: Survivors’ Views, International Criminal Law Review, 13(5), 2013, pp. 937-976.

40. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, What the International Criminal Court has Achieved and Can Achieve for Victims/Survivors of Sexual Violence, The International Review of Victimology, 16(2), 2009, pp. 183-209.

41. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Reparation to Victims of Sexual Violence: Possibilities at the International Criminal Court and at the Trust Fund for Victims and their Families, Leiden Journal of International Law, 20(1), 2007, pp. 207-237.

42. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, The ICTY Kunarac, Kovac and Vukovic case (Foča), Tilburg Foreign Law Review: Journal on Foreign and Comparative Law, 9(2), 2001, pp. 221-236.

National (refereed) journals

43. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Conflict-related Sexual Violence: Achievements and Challenges in International Criminal Law and the Role of the Military, Militair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift, 2, 2015, pp. 53-73.

44. Antony Pemberton, Rianne Letschert, Anne-Marie de Brouwer en Roelof Haveman, Een victimologisch perspectief op het internationale strafrecht (“A Victimological Perspective on International Criminal Law”), Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 53(4), 2011, pp. 74-88.

45. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Rianne Letschert, Rechtspraak, deelname van slachtoffers in de procedures voor het internationaal strafhof: Een papieren tijger? (“Participation of victims in the procedures before the ICC: A paper tiger?”), Delikt en Delinkwent, 10(81), 2008, pp. 1143-1163.

46. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Book review: Larissa van den Herik, The Contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal to the Development of International Law, Martinus Nijhoff 2005, Tijdschrift voor Vrede en Veiligheid, 36(3), 2007, pp. 379-386.

47. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Het Internationaal Strafhof en de vervolging van seksueel geweld (“The International Criminal Court and the Prosecution of Sexual Violence”), NJCM Bulletin: Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Mensenrechten, 31(7), oktober 2006, pp. 953-969.

48. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Megan McLemore, Training over rechten van vrouwen in Rwanda (“Training about the Rights of Women in Rwanda”), VN Forum, 2006/3, pp. 32-34.

Other (e.g. reports, news items)

49. Eefje de Volder and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, The Impacts of Litigation in relation to Systematic and Large-Scale Atrocities committed by the Dutch Military Forces in the ‘Dutch East Indies’ between 1945-1949, Nuhanovic Foundation/Centre for War Reparations, International Litigation Series #3, 2019, 39 pp.

50. Eefje de Volder en Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Beïnvloeding van Groepsdynamiek onder Slachtoffers van Arbeidsuitbuiting, Amersfoort: CoMensha, december 2018.

51. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Sexual violence and the criminal justice system: Legal reform and/or restorative justice, in: Estelle Zinsstag, Marie Keenan, & Ivo Aertsen (Eds.), Developing integrated responses to sexual violence: An interdisciplinary research project on the potential of restorative justice (pp. 64-99): Leuven Institute of Criminology (LINC), University of Leuven, 2015 (EC Daphne project).

52. Report on witness intimidation of potential and actual victims/witnesses of international crimes before international criminal tribunals, written for the amicus curiae Prosecutor before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in the cases STL-14-05 and STL-14-06 and tendered into evidence in those cases.

53. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Sandra Ka Hon Chu, 2012: A year in review, The Men Who Killed Me website, 15 January 2013.

54. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Cases of Mass Sexual Violence Can be Proven Without Direct Victim Testimony, UCLA Law Forum, June 2012.

55. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Sandra Ka Hon Chu, Gacaca courts in Rwanda: 18 years after the genocide, is there justice and reconciliation for survivors of sexual violence?, IntLawGrrls, 7-9 April 2012.

56. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Het belang van maatschappelijke aandacht en erkenning voor verwerking van trauma’s van seksueel geweld in conflict situaties, De Open Poort, 91, juli – augustus 2011, pp. 7-10.

57. Sandra Ka Hon Chu and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Tragedy and Triumph: Rwandan Women’s Resilience in the Face of Sexual Violence, Amsterdam Law Forum, 3(2), 2011, pp. 203-205.

58. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Sandra Ka Hon Chu, Berecht verkrachters in Rwanda, en in Soedan, en in Congo, en in Oeganda, Trouw, 8 April 2009, p. 29.

59. Sandra Ka Hon Chu and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Rwanda’s Rape Victims (Letter to the editor), The New York Times, 5 April 2009.

60. Sandra Ka Hon Chu and Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Trying to get passed 1994, The Globe and Mail, 7 April 2009.

61. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Joost van Wielink, Justice Without Borders, International Herald Tribune, 8-9 July 2006, p. 5.

62. Anne-Marie de Brouwer and Joost van Wielink, Het Internationaal Strafhof moet de boer op, de Volkskrant, 7 juli 2006, p. 11.

63. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Genocide in Rwanda gaat nog steeds door (Verkrachtingen), Trouw, 7 april 2006, p. 8.

64. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, The World Trade Organization and Ethical Concerns Regarding Animals and Nature: Is There Room for National Policies? A Legal Analysis, Tilburg: Globus, Institute for Globalization and Sustainable Development, Tilburg University, 2000, xi + 136 pp.

65. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Human Rights & Economic Policy, Utrecht: Pax Christi Netherlands, 1998, 55 pp.